Spherical signed-ray loci in the exp(β + iω) chart #
For a real vector space V with a symmetric bilinear form q — standing for
NS(X) ⊗ ℝ with the intersection form — the vector
℧ = exp(β + iω) = (1, β + iω, (β + iω)²/2)
pairs against a class δ = (r, Δ, s) of the real Mukai extension ℝ ⊕ V ⊕ ℝ.
This file computes that pairing and names the locus
H(δ) = { (β, ω) : (℧, δ) ∈ ℝ_{≤0} }
together with the complement of the union of these loci over classes with
⟪δ, δ⟫ = -2 and positive rank.
What this is a theorem about, and what it is not #
Everything here is arithmetic in a real vector space carrying a symmetric
bilinear form. There is no K3 surface: no Néron–Severi group, no ample
cone, no Hodge index theorem, no Mukai vector of an object, no stability
condition and no Stab(X). Mukai.RealExtension V is a triple, not N(X) ⊗ ℝ, and
signedRayRegularLocus is not claimed to be the image of anything under a map from a space
of stability conditions.
In particular the Hodge index theorem is not used and not assumed. Where
the geometric theory would invoke it — to say that q is negative definite on
ω^⊥ — the statements that need it carry it as an explicit hypothesis, and
none of the statements in this file needs it. That is why this file stops
where it does: the local-finiteness theorem, which is the first statement that
genuinely consumes negative-definiteness and lattice discreteness, is deliberately
left to a follow-up rather than stated here with hypotheses nothing here can
discharge.
This is the same discipline Walls/Numerical/Basic.lean applies to tilt walls
and LinearAlgebra/Lattice/Mukai/Basic.lean applies to the integral Mukai
extension.
Not the same loci as Walls/Numerical #
Walls/Numerical/Basic.lean is the tilt-stability wall structure: a
numerical class is a triple of reals (ch₀, ch₁·H, ch₂), the parameter space
is the (s, t) half plane, and the walls are nested conics. This file is a
different numerical locus: the parameter space is a pair (β, ω) of vectors,
the index set is the spherical classes, and nonpositiveRayLocus is a real
half-space rather than a circle. The two files share no declaration and neither
imports the other. Do not merge them.
The real extension is a twin of Mukai.pairing, not a generalisation #
Mukai.pairing is ℤ-valued on ℤ × N × ℤ for b : N →ₗ[ℤ] N →ₗ[ℤ] ℤ. The
chart lives over ℝ, so the formulas below are restated rather than reused.
Generalising Mukai/Basic.lean over a base ring would be the tidier fix and is
deliberately not done here: it would rewrite three merged modules and their
audit records for a file that does not yet need the generality.
The two are connected by IntegralComparison, which supplies the missing datum
— an additive map N →+ V carrying b to q — and by
isSpherical_map_iff, which says the two sphericity conditions agree
across it. Nothing here constructs an IntegralComparison; producing one is
the geometric obligation of exhibiting NS(X) with its intersection form, and
Mukai/Basic.lean says the same thing about its own identification.
Main results #
two_mul_rk_mul_pairingRe— the identity.2r·Re(℧,δ)collapses to⟪δ,δ⟫ + r²·q(ω,ω) − q(Δ − rβ, Δ − rβ), with no side condition. Bridgeland's formula(⋆)is this divided by2r, and is therefore conditional onr ≠ 0in a way the undivided form is not.pairingIm_eq_of_symm—Im(℧,δ) = q(Δ − rβ, ω). This is the statement that a signed-ray locus meets the real axis exactly onω^⊥.mem_nonpositiveRayLocus_iff_of_isSpherical— membership ofH(δ)for sphericalδof positive rank, in the formq(Δ − rβ, ω) = 0 ∧ r²·q(ω,ω) ≤ 2 + q(Δ − rβ, Δ − rβ). This is the shape the local-finiteness argument consumes.corank_eq_of_isSpherical— the third coordinate of a spherical class is determined by the other two oncer ≠ 0.pairingRe_of_rk_eq_zero— at rank zero the identity degenerates to0 = 0and the real part is the affine expressionq(β,Δ) − s. This is the reason the index set isΔ⁺rather thanΔ, recorded rather than left to inference.
The real Mukai extension #
The Mukai pairing over ℝ, built from a bilinear form q on the middle
summand.
This file used to declare the type and this pairing a second time, as
RealMukai and pairing: the same ℝ × V × ℝ, the same
q c c' - r*s' - r'*s, the same [AddCommGroup V] [Module ℝ V] and the same
bilinear form as Mukai.RealExtension and Mukai.realPairing. The two
docstrings named each other instead of one importing the other. They are now
one, and what is local to this file is the signed-ray-locus arithmetic below.
Note Mukai.realForm is half the self-pairing, so sphericality below reads
selfPairing q δ = -2 rather than realForm q δ = -2.
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⟪v, v⟫.
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The chart #
exp(β + iω) = (1, β + iω, (β + iω)²/2), split into real and imaginary parts.
Squaring gives (β + iω)² = q(β,β) − q(ω,ω) + 2i·q(β,ω), so the halves are as
below. Both are elements of Mukai.RealExtension V; the pairing against a real class is
computed componentwise because the Mukai form is extended ℂ-bilinearly.
The real part of exp(β + iω).
This is Mukai.expRe, not a second definition of it. This file used to
declare the exponential chart a second time, exactly as it used to declare the
pairing a second time — the same (1, β, (q β β - q ω ω)/2), in a file that
already imports Mukai/RealForm.lean. The names are kept because the nonpositiveRayLocus
statements below read better with them, but they are abbreviations now, so the
(β, ω) chart of this subtree and the exponential chart of the period-domain
subtree are one object rather than two.
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The imaginary part of exp(β + iω). As with chartRe, this is
Mukai.expIm and not a second definition.
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The chart in coordinates. Not a simp lemma: chartRe is an
abbreviation for Mukai.expRe, so tagging this would unfold the exponential
chart globally and displace the normal form the period-domain layer already
uses — Mukai.realPairing_expRe_expRe and its siblings would become redundant.
The two proofs below name it explicitly instead.
The imaginary part in coordinates. Not a simp lemma, for the reason given
at chartRe_eq.
Re (℧, δ) for ℧ = exp(β + iω). Inherits noncomputable from
chartRe.
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Im (℧, δ) for ℧ = exp(β + iω).
noncomputable since Mukai.expIm is; the marker is bookkeeping, not
mathematics, and it is the price of the two charts being one object.
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The two identities #
pairingIm_eq_of_symm and two_mul_rk_mul_pairingRe are the whole computational content
of the file. Both need symmetry of q; nothing above this point does.
The imaginary part is q(Δ − rβ, ω). So (℧, δ) is real exactly when
Δ − rβ is q-orthogonal to ω.
The identity. 2r·Re(℧, δ) collapses to
⟪δ, δ⟫ + r²·q(ω,ω) − q(Δ − rβ, Δ − rβ).
Stated multiplied through by 2r, so it holds for every r, including
r = 0, with no side condition. Bridgeland's (⋆) is this divided by 2r;
see pairingRe_eq_of_rk_ne_zero for that form and pairingRe_of_rk_eq_zero for
what the identity does — and does not — say at rank zero.
Bridgeland's (⋆): the divided form, valid only for r ≠ 0.
At rank zero the identity carries no information: both sides vanish identically.
What the real part actually is at rank zero: an affine expression in
β, with no quadratic term and no dependence on ω at all.
This is why the index set of walls is Δ⁺ — spherical classes of positive rank
— rather than all of Δ. A rank-zero class still cuts out a locus, but the
quadric picture that two_mul_rk_mul_pairingRe describes degenerates, and the
sphericity hypothesis ⟪δ,δ⟫ = -2 reads q Δ Δ = -2 with s unconstrained.
Spherical classes #
⟪δ, δ⟫ = -2, over ℝ. The real-coefficient twin of Mukai.IsSpherical;
isSpherical_map_iff below identifies the two.
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The third coordinate of a spherical class is determined by the other two, once the rank is nonzero.
So a finiteness statement about spherical classes needs no separate control on
s: bounding (r, Δ) bounds δ.
The signed-ray loci, and the regular locus they cut out #
H(δ) in the (β, ω) chart: the locus where (℧, δ) is real and
non-positive.
Defined for every δ, not only for spherical ones of positive rank — the
sphericity and rank hypotheses belong to the theorems, not to the definition.
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The signedRayRegularLocus cut out by a set S of classes: the points of the chart on no
nonpositiveRayLocus of S. Bridgeland's L(X) is signedRayRegularLocus q (sphericalPlus q).
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Membership of a spherical signed-ray locus, in the form the finiteness argument consumes.
The first conjunct puts Δ − rβ in ω^⊥; the second is the inequality that,
together with negative-definiteness of q on ω^⊥ and a positive lower bound
on q(ω,ω), bounds r and then Δ. Neither of those two extra hypotheses
appears here, because neither is needed for the equivalence itself.
The bridge to the integral Mukai extension #
Mukai/Basic.lean builds ℤ × N × ℤ with an integral form; this file builds
ℝ × V × ℝ with a real one. IntegralComparison is the datum that relates
them, and it is supplied, never constructed — producing one is the geometric
obligation of exhibiting NS(X) with its intersection form.
An additive map from the middle summand of the integral extension to the
middle summand of the real one, carrying b to q.
compat is where the content is; it is stated on all of N, so unlike
IntegralMukaiData.b_spec this is a genuine comparison of forms and not a
constraint on the image of a single map.
The map on middle summands.
The forms agree across it.
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The induced map on Mukai extensions.
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The comparison is an isometry onto its image: the real pairing of two mapped classes is the integral pairing, cast.
The two sphericity conditions agree.